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Introduction. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still a public health problem even in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, including in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the incidence of DHF based on the integration of climatic factors, including rainfall, humidity, air temperature, and duration of sunlight and their distribution. Materials and Methods. This was an ecological time series study with secondary data from the Surabaya City Health Office covering the incidence of DHF and larva-free rate and climate data on rainfall, humidity, air temperature, and duration of sunlight obtained from the Meteorology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG). Silver station in Surabaya, the distribution of dengue incidence during 2018-2020. Results and Discussion. The results showed that humidity was correlated with the larvae-free rate. Meanwhile, the larva-free rate did not correlate with the number of DHF cases. DHF control is estimated due to the correlation of climatic factors and the incidence of DHF, control of vectors and disease agents, control of transmission media, and exposure to the community. Conclusions. The integration of DHF control can be used for early precautions in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic by control-ling DHF early in the period from January to June in Surabaya. It is concluded that humidity can affect the dengue outbreak and it can be used as an early warning system and travel warning regarding the relative risk of DHF outbreak.Copyright © the Author(s), 2023.
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Objective: To inform policies about possible immunization, this literature-based model sought to estimate the adverse effects burden of administering nirsevimab, a passive protection against RSV in infants. Methods: If licensed, nirsevimab could be administered during the birth hospitalization for infants born during the RSV season (October-February). Infants born outside that season would require a separate outpatient visit. The product related adverse effects were calculated by pooling nirsevimab safety data from phases 2 and 3 trials to obtain rates of each non-target adverse event (AE). Each infant and family faced non-product related AEs: a 3.17% increased risk of influenza and 6.82% added COVID-19 risks from each additional well-child visit needed by some infants born outside the RSV season. Data came from Simmering et al, 2014, CDC surveillance data, and the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study (burden per consequence). Results: Nirsevimab immunization resulted in adverse effects disability rate of 6.8 DALYs per 100,000 in-season birth infants and 178.2 DALYs per 100,000 out-of-season birth infants. This shows a 26-fold higher burden to out-of-season infants. These burdens are comparable to the DALY burden per 100,000 population for infant thalassemias trait (5) and infant meningitis (201), respectively. The out-of-season birth infant burden rate was mainly driven by COVID-19 and influenza cases. This is the result of additional well-child visits for infant immunization with appreciable estimated risks–6,816 COVID-19 and 3,170 influenza cases per 100,000 out-of-season infants immunized. The distribution of factors contributing to AE the DALY burden per 100,000 infants were COVID-19 (120, 67%), influenza (51.7, 29%) and nirsevimab (6.8, 4%). Conclusion: Due to possible infant and family exposure to influenza and COVID-19 from added health care visits, adverse effects of nirsevimab immunization to out-of-season low-risk births are substantial. Policy makers will need to weigh risks and benefits carefully for this group of infants.
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Background: Currently, the world is in a challenging situation due to Covid-19. The ministry of health in Pakistan reported the first case of Covid-19 on 26th February 2020 in Karachi whereas on the same day in Islamabad, the second case was confirmed in Pakistan. Objective: To assess the prevalence and risk factors of covid-19 mortality and its impact on social life of Pakistani population Methodology: This retrospective study was carried out at the Department of Pathology, Gomal Medical College, Medical Teaching Institute, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan for a period of ten months from March 2021 to December 2021. All the data was taken from the hospital record to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with the mortality of covid-19. For determining the influence of covid-19 on the social life, online survey was conducted. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 24. Results: In the current study, the overall prevalence of covid-19 was 6%. The most common risk factors associated with the covid-19 was Diabetes mellitus in 25 (71.43%) subjects, hypertension in 22 (62.86%), ischemic heart disease in 16 (45.71%) while chronic liver disease was observed in 3 (8.57%) subjects. According to the survey, 420 (70%) participants thought that covid-19 will be controlled worldwide while 450 (75%) subjects thought that covid-19 will be controlled in Pakistan. Worry of contracting covid-19 even with protective measures was observed in 420 (70%) subjects. Conclusion: Our study reported that the prevalence of covid-19 was 6%. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension and ischemic heart disease were the major associated risk factors with the mortality of covid-19 and the overall impact of covid-19 on social life of Pakistani population was not good according to our study.
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Background: As a result of the COVID-19 epidemic, many people's lives and livelihoods are at risk. All aspects of everyday life, including education, have been affected by the epidemic. Objective: As a result, we performed this cross-sectional study to learn more about how students from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa feel about COVID-19. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which respondents completed an online, self-administered form to get the information. Six questions deal with socio-demographics, fourteen ask about knowledge, seven ask about attitude, and eight ask about practice. Raosoft's sample size calculator was used to calculate the final sample size. Results: Five thousand participants, comprising 2250 (45%) men and 2,750 (55%) women from all across the nation, completed this poll. Analysis of the data was done using a chi-square test. Almost all of the students 4750 (95 percent) were aware that COVID-19 is caused by a virus and that it is a respiratory illness 4600 (92 percent). During the lockout, many students continued to see their family members 2,750 (55 percent), and their family members continued to visit them at home 2950 (59 percent). The students' answers to particular questions concerning the spread of the virus differed greatly. Although (p 0.01), women had more awareness about how to avoid illness transmission from patients who had been infected with the virus. Conclusion: In the wake of the COVID-19 epidemic, the vast majorities of college students were well-prepared, had a positive outlook, and were actively practicing their knowledge and skills. Aside from demographics and gender, the KAP scores also vary by family size. During times of crisis, it's critical to keep the public informed about the need to practice preventive practices.
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Researchers describe a need for increased access to and transitional support into STEM graduate education for low-income, academically talented, first-generation and/or underrepresented and minority (LIATFirstGenURM) students [1]. In October 2019, we were awarded an NSF scholarship grant to build infrastructure and provide support to low-income, academically talented, firs-generation, underrepresented, and minority (LIATFirstGenURM) graduate engineering students. As part of the internal evaluation of the program, we interviewed seven enrolled and funded graduate student beneficiaries to determine if they encountered any barriers during their recruitment and first semester of graduate study. Additionally, we asked them what support they valued most. We found that these students valued the organizational program support system, and as a result, we also found several opportunities to improve the system. In this paper, we share our findings and discuss implications for program updates. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2021
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The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has posed severe threats to humans and the geoenvironment. The findings of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Sars-CoV-2) traces in waste water and the practice of disinfecting outdoor spaces in several cities in the world, which can result into the entry of disinfectants and their by-products into storm drainage systems and their subsequent discharge into rivers and coastal waters, raise the issue of environmental, ecological and public health effects. The aims of the current paper are to investigate the potential of water and waste water to operate as transmission routes for Sars-CoV-2 and the risks of this to public health and the geoenvironment. Additionally, several developing countries are characterised by low water-related disaster resilience and low household water security, with measures for protection of water resources and technologies for clean water and sanitation being substandard or not in place. To mitigate the impact of the pandemic in such cases, practical recommendations are provided herein. The paper calls for the enhancement of research into the migration mechanisms of viruses in various media, as well as in the formation of trihalomethanes and other disinfectant by-products in the geoenvironment, in order to develop robust solutions to combat the effects of the current and future pandemics. © 2021 ICE Publishing: All rights reserved.
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The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic not only has created a health crisis across the world but is also expected to impact negatively the global economy and societies at a scale that is maybe larger than that of the 2008 financial crisis. Simultaneously, it has inevitably exerted many negative consequences on the geoenvironment on which human beings depend. The current paper articulates the role of environmental geotechnics in elucidating and mitigating the effects of the current pandemic. It is the belief of all authors that the Covid-19 pandemic presents not only significant challenges but also opportunities for the development of the environmental geotechnics field. This discipline should make full use of geoenvironmental researchers' and engineers' professional skills and expertise to look for development opportunities from this crisis, to highlight the irreplaceable position of the discipline in the global fight against pandemics and to contribute to the health and prosperity of communities, to serve humankind better. In order to reach this goal while taking into account the specificity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the uncertainty of its environmental effects, it is believed that more emphasis should be placed on the following research directions: pathogen-soil interactions;isolation and remediation technologies for pathogen-contaminated sites;new materials for pathogen-contaminated soil;recycling and safe disposal of medical wastes;quantification of uncertainty in geoenvironmental and epidemiological problems;emerging technologies and adaptation strategies in civil, geotechnical and geoenvironmental infrastructures;pandemic-induced environmental risk management;and modelling of pathogen transport and fate in geoenvironment, among others. Moreover, Covid-19 has made it clear to the environmental geotechnics community the importance of urgent international co-operation and of multidisciplinary research actions that must extend to a broad range of scientific fields, including medical and public health disciplines, in order to meet the complexities posed by the Covid-19 pandemic. © 2021 ICE Publishing: All rights reserved.
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Curcumin is a natural compound that has many medical applications. However, its low solubility and poor stability could impede its clinical applications. The present study aimed to formulate dry proniosomes to overcome these pitfalls and improve the therapeutic efficacy of Curcumin. Curcumin-loaded proniosomes were fabricated by the slurry method according to 32 factorial design using Design-Expert software to demonstrate the impact of different independent variables on entrapment efficiency (EE%) and % drug released after 12 h (Q12h). The optimized formula (F5) was selected according to the desirability criteria. F5 exhibited good flowability and appeared, after reconstitution, as spherical nanovesicles with EE% of 89.94 ± 2.31% and Q12h of 70.89 ± 1.62%. F5 demonstrated higher stability and a significant enhancement of Q12h than the corresponding niosomes. The docking study investigated the ability of Curcumin to bind effectively with the active site of DNA polymerase of Herpes simplex virus (HSV). The antiviral activity and the safety of F5 were significantly higher than Curcumin. F5 improved the safety of Acyclovir (ACV) and reduced its effective dose that produced a 100% reduction of viral plaques. Proniosomes could be promising stable carriers of Curcumin to be used as a safe and efficient antiviral agent.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Curcumin/pharmacology , Drug Delivery Systems , Herpes Simplex/drug therapy , Liposomes/administration & dosage , Nanoparticles/administration & dosage , Simplexvirus/drug effects , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Chlorocebus aethiops , Curcumin/chemistry , Herpes Simplex/chemically induced , In Vitro Techniques , Liposomes/chemistry , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Vero CellsABSTRACT
In pediatrics, reported coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) cases showed that this category of patients usually presented with no symptoms or mild to moderate COVID-19 disease. However, infants less than one-year-old had a more severe presentation or even critical condition and respiratory failure. Patients with chronic disease and congenital heart disease (CHD) may have serious effects on course of COVID-19 in neonate and early infancy. There is very limited data about confirmed COVID-19 cases with CHD in neonates and early infancy. We report our case with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosed in the neonatal period with multiple ventricular septal defects (VSDs) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) who presented with respiratory distress and respiratory acidosis.